Asm. Michael Novakhov — The Commons Gallery

Michael Novakhov (R-AD-45) holds one of the most electorally precarious seats in the chamber, having won his 2024 race against Joey Cohen-Saban by just 0.8 points in a district with a D+20 partisan lean and a voter registration breakdown of 45.3% Democrat, 24.9% Republican, and 27.6% Independent; under a neutral environment his seat is modeled as Lean D, tightening to Toss-up only under a favorable Republican environment. AD-45 is a predominantly urban, majority-white (64.6%) district with a 19.5% poverty rate, 34.3% homeownership rate, and a median household income of $64,920, reflecting a dense, renter-heavy constituency. In the 2025 session Novakhov sponsored 34 bills, with his heaviest concentration in Penal and Vehicle and Traffic law (4 bills each), followed by Public Authorities (3 bills), and additional sponsorships spanning Education, Executive, New York City Administrative Code, Tax, and Cannabis law.AI

Vulnerability Index AD-45

Base lean: D+4

Favorable D

Likely D

Neutral

Lean D

Favorable R

Toss-up

Won last contested race by only 0.8 points

Scenario model: ±5pt national environment shift applied to district base lean (D+4). Base lean blends voter registration (40%) with recent contested general election margins (60%), using up to the last 4 general elections with margins under 40 points. Ratings: Safe D/R = 15+ pts, Likely = 8–14 pts, Lean = 3–7 pts, Toss-up = within 2 pts. Generic ballot from Silver Bulletin (Nate Silver), as of 5/1/2026. Not a prediction — reflects structural competitiveness under different cycle environments.

Electoral History AD-45

General Elections

Year	Winner	Runner-up	Margin
2024	Michael Novakhov 50.4% (15,383)	Joey Cohen-Saban 49.6% (15,151)	⚡ 0.8pts
2022	Michael Novakhov 59.8% (13,757)	Steven Cymbrowitz 40.2% (9,258)	19.6pts
2020	Steven Cymbrowitz 100.0% (23,470)	Uncontested	—
2018	Steven Cymbrowitz 100.0% (14,301)	Uncontested	—
2016	Steven Cymbrowitz 79.2% (17,895)	Boris Gintchanski 20.8% (4,692)	58.4pts
2014	Steven Cymbrowitz 54.8% (6,481)	Ben Akselrod 41.8% (4,943)	13.0pts
2012	Steven Cymbrowitz 55.1% (11,859)	Russell C. Gallo 25.6% (5,517)	29.5pts
2010	Steven Cymbrowitz 57.8% (9,403)	Joseph Hayon 42.2% (6,860)	15.6pts
2008	Steven Cymbrowitz 100.0% (21,873)	Uncontested	—
2006	Steven Cymbrowitz 100.0% (12,367)	Uncontested	—
2004	Steven Cymbrowitz 66.9% (16,073)	Arthur Gershfeld 32.1% (7,710)	34.8pts
2002	Steven Cymbrowitz 78.0% (10,406)	Theodore Alatsas 22.0% (2,939)	56.0pts
2000	Steven Cymbrowitz 78.0% (18,514)	Fred Fields 22.0% (5,224)	56.0pts
1998	Lena Cymbrowitz 73.4% (12,489)	Theresa Caruso 26.6% (4,528)	46.8pts
1996	Daniel L. Feldman 72.2% (15,473)	Aaron D. Maslow 26.1% (5,582)	46.1pts

Primary Elections

Year	Winner	Runner-up	Margin
2014 (Democratic)	Steven Cymbrowitz 56.3% (2,267)	Ben Akselrod 43.7% (1,763)	12.6pts
2014 (Republican)	Ben Akselrod 39.3% (46)	Unattributable 26.5% (31)	12.8pts

Source: NYS Board of Elections certified results. ⚡ = margin under 10 pts. District history reflects 2022 redistricted boundaries.

Voter Registration

45%

25%

30%

Dem 45.3% Rep 24.9% Ind/Other 29.8%

District 45 Profile

Population 120,467

Median income $64,920

Median rent $1,714

Homeownership 34.3%

Education (BA+) 43.0%

Poverty rate 19.5%

Uninsured rate 5.5%

Unemployment rate 7.5%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (2024).

Demographics

White 64.6%

Black 4.0%

Hispanic 10.7%

Asian 16.1%

Median age 40.9

Foreign born 51.5%

Limited English households 35.3%

Veterans 1.1%

Disability rate 13.3%

Commute Mode

Drive alone 25.0%

Public transit 38.2%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates (2024). Race and ethnicity figures may not sum to 100% — Hispanic/Latino is an ethnicity category that overlaps with racial groups.

Legislative Activity (2025–2026)

34

25

Years in office 3

Bill sponsorship from NYS Open Legislation API. Joint hearing appearances from NYS Senate hearing transcripts.

Floor Session Activity 2025–2026

A777 PASSED 2025-06-17

Library book collection management and school library materials

The Assembly passed A777, legislation that grants the State Education Commissioner authority over school library book collections, in a contentious floor debate on June 17 that exposed deep divisions over intellectual freedom, parental rights, and local control. Supporters, including Assemblywoman Shimsky, argued the bill protects students' access to books that help them understand their identities and prevents censorship that corrodes democracy. Opponents, led by Assemblyman Durso and others, contended the measure strips authority from locally elected school boards and parents, arguing the real issue is age-appropriate placement of sexually explicit materials in children's sections, not book banning. Several members expressed concerns about granting excessive power to the Education Commissioner. The bill passed without a recorded tally being announced in this segment.

A01906 PASSED 2025-05-15

An act to amend the Public Authorities Law, in relation to providing notification to customers of bed bug infestations on MTA subways, trains and buses

The Assembly passed A1906, sponsored by Asm. Colton, requiring the Metropolitan Transportation Authority to notify customers of bed bug infestations on subways, trains and buses within 24 hours of discovery. The bill would allow the MTA to use existing notification systems including its website, email alerts, and text messages to inform riders. The measure drew debate over whether notifications without specific train car or bus numbers would meaningfully protect riders or merely provide the MTA legal cover. Supporters argued the bill provides necessary transparency at minimal cost using systems already in place. Opponents questioned the practical effectiveness of vague notifications and raised concerns that riders might not check the MTA website in time to avoid exposure. The bill passed on a party-line vote with some exceptions, with the Minority Conference generally opposed and the Majority Conference generally in favor.

A01865-A PASSED 2025-05-13

An act to amend the Real Property Law, in relation to the installation of appliances or fixtures by tenants

The Assembly passed A01865-A, sponsored by Asm. Rosenthal, allowing residential tenants to install appliances and fixtures in rental units with landlord written consent, provided installations comply with applicable building codes. The bill addresses tenant complaints about landlords unreasonably denying requests to upgrade worn or inefficient appliances. Rosenthal argued the measure is narrow and places all costs on tenants, who must restore units upon lease termination. Opponents, including Asm. Fitzpatrick and Asm. Bologna, raised concerns about property owner rights and infrastructure burdens on older buildings. Fitzpatrick argued the bill imposes additional mandates on landlords already struggling with rising operational costs and rent restrictions. Bologna questioned ambiguities regarding electrical capacity, plumbing modifications, and what constitutes valid grounds for denial. The bill passed without a recorded vote tally being announced in this segment.

A01241-A LAID ASIDE 2025-04-01

Repeal section 17-40 of the Election Law relating to furnishing money and entertainment to induce attendance at polls

A02539 PASSED 2025-03-12

An act to amend the Vehicle and Traffic Law, in relation to requiring signage at vehicle inspection stations regarding limousine inspections

The Assembly passed a bill sponsored by Asm. Paulin requiring vehicle inspection stations to post signage notifying workers and customers that limousines must be inspected and serviced by the Department of Transportation. The bill, which has passed the Assembly three times over three years, was prompted by the 2018 Schoharie limousine crash that killed 20 people. Paulin argued the signage would inform workers they should not service limousines without proper authorization, potentially preventing similar tragedies. However, the bill drew significant criticism from Asm. Tague, a former inspector, who called it wasteful and argued the Schoharie crash resulted from fraud and corruption, not lack of signage. Asm. Novakhov raised concerns about cost burdens on small businesses and sought assurances that signage could be printed on regular paper at minimal cost. The bill specifies signs must be conspicuous and legible in 24-point type on 8.5-by-11-inch paper, with violations subject to fines not exceeding $1,000. The Republican Conference voted generally in the negative; the Majority Conference voted in the affirmative.

A05285 2025-03-05

An act to amend the Education Law and the Public Health Law, in relation to prescription labels for mifepristone and misoprostol

The Assembly debated a chapter amendment to legislation governing prescription labels for abortion medications mifepristone and misoprostol. Sponsored by Assemblywoman Reyes, the amendment allows healthcare providers to use practice addresses instead of personal names on prescription labels when the provider's name matches the practice name, and requires patient notification of this choice. The amendment modifies a bill signed into law January 22, 2025. Opponents, including Assemblywoman Walsh, argued the amendment further shields prescriber identity and raised concerns about patient safety and accountability, particularly regarding telehealth prescriptions to states where abortion is restricted. Walsh cited a case involving a New Paltz physician prescribing to patients in Louisiana and Texas. Assemblyman Pirozzolo raised concerns about pharmacy system compliance and whether the bill subverts other states' laws. Sponsor Reyes maintained that prescriber records are maintained for five years and accessible to healthcare providers in clinical emergencies, and that patients have privacy rights in their medical decisions. The debate remained ongoing at the end of the transcript segment.

A02579 PASSED 2025-03-05

An act to amend the Education Law relating to prescription labels for certain medications

The Assembly passed legislation sponsored by Asm. Reyes that removes prescriber names from prescription bottle labels for certain medications, apparently relating to abortion-related drugs. The bill aims to protect prescribers and patients from harassment and legal weaponization in states restricting abortion access. Debate revealed significant concerns about patient safety and the lack of empirical data supporting the measure. Opponents Asm. Novakhov and Asm. Giglio questioned whether removing prescriber information could hinder emergency medical treatment and argued the bill lacks statistics on incidents justifying the change. Giglio also raised concerns about telehealth prescribing standards, including whether adequate medical screening and pregnancy verification are required. Sponsor Reyes countered that prescriber names are not clinically necessary for emergency care and that patient history can be obtained via telehealth. The bill passed with the Majority Conference generally in favor and the Republican Conference generally opposed.

A09230-B 2024-06-10

An act to amend the Banking Law, in relation to establishing multiple-person accounts; and to repeal certain provisions of such law relating thereto.

A09230 / S-NUMBER NOT SPECIFIED PASSED 2024-06-10

Distillery direct shipment bill - allowing small New York distilleries to ship products directly to consumers

The New York State Assembly passed legislation sponsored by Assemblymember Lupardo on June 7 allowing small distilleries to ship products directly to consumers in reciprocal states. The bill addresses concerns from approximately 175 small New York distilleries, 20 of which have closed in the past year due to inability to access traditional distribution channels. Lupardo emphasized that the bill applies only to small producers whose products are not currently available in liquor stores, and therefore poses no threat to the existing three-tier alcohol distribution system or retail liquor stores. The bill would allow small distilleries to ship directly to consumers who visit their facilities or purchase their award-winning products online. Assemblymember Tague praised the bill as supporting agricultural diversification, noting that farmers across New York are using alternative crops like potatoes to produce spirits. The legislation passed with support from members who recognized the need to help small producers survive while maintaining the existing regulatory framework for larger producers.

A09230-B 2024-06-07

An act to amend the Banking Law, in relation to establishing multiple-person accounts; and to repeal certain provisions of such law relating thereto.

A09230 / S-NUMBER NOT SPECIFIED PASSED 2024-06-07

Distillery direct shipment bill (relating to small distillery direct-to-consumer sales)

The Assembly passed legislation sponsored by Assemblywoman Lupardo allowing small New York distilleries to ship products directly to consumers, addressing concerns that craft producers are losing market viability. The bill, which received floor debate on June 7, updates state law to permit direct-to-consumer sales for distilleries below a certain production threshold—currently excluded from New York's three-tier alcohol distribution system. Lupardo noted that New York has lost 20 distilleries in the past year and 50 percent of remaining producers face closure risk due to changing consumer behavior and lack of retail shelf space. The legislation does not impact the three-tier system for larger producers and includes tax collection provisions requiring registration with the Department of Taxation and Finance. Supporters, including Assemblymember Tague, characterized the bill as essential for agricultural diversification in rural New York, comparing it to successful farm-to-table programs. The bill passed without recorded opposition.

A06173 PASSED 2024-06-06

Insurance coverage for outpatient care provided by licensed creative arts therapists

The Assembly passed legislation on June 6 requiring commercial insurance carriers to cover outpatient services provided by licensed creative arts therapists. Sponsored by Assemblyman Bronson, the bill reverses a 2022 Chapter Amendment that stripped creative arts therapists from insurance coverage requirements. Bronson argued the modality is evidence-based and uniquely effective for trauma survivors, non-verbal individuals, and those with developmental disabilities, noting 2,159 licensed practitioners statewide and that several major insurers already voluntarily cover the service. Multiple members testified to personal experiences with the therapy's effectiveness, including Assemblywoman Giglio's account of her daughter's recovery from paralysis and Assemblyman Ari Brown's description of the modality's impact on Dementia patients. Assemblyman Goodell opposed the mandate on principle, arguing consumers should choose their coverage rather than being forced to pay for services they may not need. The bill passed with the Majority Conference voting affirmatively.

A09616-C PASSED 2024-06-06

Stop Hiding Hate Act - requiring social media platforms to report terms of service to New York Attorney General

The Assembly passed the Stop Hiding Hate Act (A09616-C), sponsored by Assemblywoman Lee, requiring social media platforms to report their terms of service to the New York Attorney General on a biannual basis. The bill mandates that platforms consolidate their terms on a state website to increase transparency and combat hate speech proliferation. Supporters argued the measure addresses the role of social media in spreading harmful content and misinformation that fuels real-world violence, citing the 2022 Buffalo mass shooting as evidence. Opponents, led by Assemblyman Goodell, contended the bill imposes unnecessary regulatory burden on businesses, arguing that terms of service are already publicly available and easily accessible online. Goodell warned the measure will increase state costs and make New York less business-friendly. The bill passed with Democratic support; Republicans were generally opposed.

A06173 PASSED 2024-06-06

Insurance coverage for outpatient care provided by licensed creative arts therapists

The Assembly passed legislation on June 6 requiring commercial insurance carriers to cover outpatient services provided by licensed creative arts therapists. The bill, sponsored by Assemblyman Bronson, reverses a 2022 Chapter Amendment that removed creative arts therapists from insurance coverage requirements. Bronson argued that the 2,159 licensed creative arts therapists in New York represent 14% of all mental health practitioners and that major insurers including Cigna, Aetna, United Healthcare, and others already reimburse for the services, supporting parity requirements under Timothy's Law. Supporters including Assemblywoman Giglio shared personal experiences of creative arts therapy's effectiveness for trauma recovery and dementia patients. Assemblyman Goodell opposed the mandate, arguing it removes consumer choice and contributes to New York's high insurance premiums by forcing all policyholders to pay for coverage they may not need. The bill passed with the Majority Conference voting affirmatively.

S06635 PASSED 2024-06-05

Workers' Compensation Law amendment — mental injury claims for extraordinary work-related stress

The Assembly passed legislation expanding Workers' Compensation eligibility for mental injury claims to all workers, removing restrictions that previously limited such claims to police officers, firefighters, EMTs, paramedics, and emergency dispatchers. The bill, sponsored by Assemblywoman Reyes and others, allows workers in any profession to file claims for mental injuries stemming from extraordinary work-related stress, provided claims are evaluated by the Workers' Compensation Board and supported by physician diagnosis. Supporters cited examples of nurses during COVID, correction officers, and supermarket workers affected by traumatic events. Opponents, including Assemblywoman Walsh and Assemblyman Goodell, warned the bill lacks clear standards for defining 'extraordinary stress,' could invite fraud and unlimited claims, and would increase costs for businesses already burdened by New York's Workers' Compensation rates, which are 69 percent higher than the national average. The measure passed despite Republican opposition and concerns about unknown fiscal impact.

A06584 PASSED 2024-06-05

An act to require electric vehicle charging infrastructure in new residential construction

The New York State Assembly passed legislation requiring electric vehicle charging infrastructure in new residential construction on June 5, 2024, after extensive debate over affordability and fairness. The bill, sponsored by Assemblywoman Fahy, mandates that new single-family homes and multi-unit residential buildings include EV charging capability, though affordable housing units are exempt if not tied to a local agreement. Supporters including Assemblymen Jacobson and Steck argued the $10,000 cost is minimal compared to home value increases and that retrofitting existing homes is far more expensive. Opponents including Assemblymen Tague, Friend, and DiPietro contended the mandate makes housing less affordable and should be voluntary rather than required. Assemblywoman Giglio specifically criticized the affordable housing exemption, arguing the State should require charging infrastructure in subsidized projects to prevent low-income residents from being forced to use more expensive gas stations. The bill takes effect April 1, 2025.

S06635 PASSED 2024-06-05

Expand Workers' Compensation claims for mental injury from extraordinary work-related stress to all employees

The Assembly passed legislation expanding Workers' Compensation eligibility for mental injury claims based on extraordinary work-related stress to all employees, removing current restrictions limiting such claims to police officers, firefighters, EMTs, paramedics, and emergency dispatchers. Sponsor Assemblywoman Reyes argued the expansion is necessary to cover workers like nurses, correction officers, and supermarket employees who experience extraordinary stress but are currently excluded. The bill allows claims to be evaluated by the Workers' Compensation Board and a physician rather than requiring a specific work-related emergency. Opponents, including Assemblywoman Walsh and Assemblyman Goodell, raised concerns about undefined standards for "extraordinary stress," potential fraud, unknown costs to businesses, and the impact on New York's already-strained Workers' Compensation system and business climate. Goodell cited New York's 69% higher Workers' Comp rates compared to the national average and the state's loss of 200,000 residents last year. The bill passed without a recorded tally being announced in this segment.

A06219 / S06584 PASSED 2024-06-05

Electric vehicle charging infrastructure in new construction

The New York State Assembly passed legislation requiring electric vehicle charging infrastructure in new residential construction on June 5, 2024, after extensive debate over affordability and consistency. Sponsored by Assemblywoman Fahy, the bill mandates that new single-family homes and multi-unit residential buildings include EV charging capability, with exemptions for affordable housing units tied to local agreements. Supporters argued that installing charging during new construction costs far less than retrofitting existing homes and is essential to building EV infrastructure needed to meet the state's climate goals. Opponents, primarily Republicans, contended the mandate is unaffordable for homeowners—particularly in rural areas—and inconsistently applied, since single-family homes face requirements while multi-unit apartment builders do not. Some members raised safety concerns citing General Motors warnings about fire risks, while others disputed whether EV technology is truly environmentally clean. Assemblywoman Giglio objected to the affordable housing exemption, arguing the state should require charging infrastructure in subsidized projects so low-income residents are not forced to use more expensive gas stations. The bill takes effect April 1, 2025.

A06558 PASSED 2024-06-04

An act to amend the Banking Law, in relation to accepting the IDNYC as a valid form of identification for opening bank accounts

The Assembly passed legislation requiring state-chartered banks, interstate branches, and foreign banking corporations to accept the IDNYC (New York City ID) as valid identification for opening bank accounts. Sponsored by Asm. Lee, the bill aims to expand banking access for vulnerable populations, including undocumented immigrants and low-income New Yorkers who lack traditional identification. Supporters noted IDNYC is already used by over 2 million New Yorkers and has been affirmed by federal banking regulators including the Federal Reserve, FDIC, and OCC. Over a dozen banks in New York already accept the ID. Opponents, primarily Republicans, raised concerns that the requirement could expose banks to federal regulatory violations and fraud risks, particularly given state oversight limitations over IDNYC issuance during the ongoing migrant crisis. The Majority Conference voted in the affirmative; the Minority Conference voted generally in the negative, though members could vote individually at their desks.

A06524 PASSED 2024-06-04

An act to amend the Banking Law, in relation to accepting the IDNYC as a valid form of identification for opening bank accounts

The Assembly passed legislation requiring state-chartered banks, interstate branches, and foreign banking corporations to accept the IDNYC (New York City ID) as valid identification for opening bank accounts. Sponsor Assemblywoman Lee argued the measure addresses financial exclusion of vulnerable New Yorkers, noting IDNYC is used by over 2 million residents and has been affirmed by federal banking regulators. Supporters cited successful adoption by major banks and credit unions. Republicans and some Democrats opposed the bill, citing potential federal regulatory compliance risks for banks and fraud concerns related to IDNYC issuance to homeless individuals without verified addresses. The Minority Conference voted generally in the negative, while the Majority Conference supported passage.

A05856 PASSED 2024-04-03

An act to amend the Alcoholic Beverage Control Law, in relation to renewals of licenses and permits

The Assembly passed legislation requiring the State Liquor Authority to create a standardized form for municipal and community board comments on liquor license renewals. Sponsor Assemblywoman Glick argued the form would streamline the authority's review process across New York City's 52 community boards and municipalities statewide. Opponents, including Assemblyman Goodell, contended the mandate would add bureaucratic burden and that the authority should consider all comments regardless of format. Assemblyman Novakhov expressed concern the bill would further delay an already slow licensing process, citing a constituent who waited nine months for a license. The bill passed on a party-line vote, with the Majority Conference voting affirmatively and the Republican Conference generally opposed.

A00325 PASSED 2024-04-02

Motor vehicle dealer recall notification and repair requirements

The Assembly passed a bill sponsored by Assemblywoman Rajkumar requiring used car dealers to check for active vehicle recalls and notify customers before sale. The measure drew sharp criticism from Republicans and some Democrats who argued it imposes unfair burdens on small businesses and private sellers. Opponents contended the bill's definition of 'dealer'—anyone selling three vehicles in 12 months—would ensnare private individuals and salvage yards, and that existing federal law already requires manufacturers to notify owners of recalls. They also raised concerns about competitive disadvantages for New York dealers versus those in neighboring states. Supporters argued the bill closes a critical safety gap where manufacturers lose track of vehicles after ownership changes hands. Assemblywoman Rajkumar cited the case of Michael Sharkey, who died in a 2006 Chevy Cobalt with a faulty ignition switch one week after purchase. The bill passed largely along party lines, with the Democratic majority supporting it despite concerns about the bill's language and scope.

A2304 PASSED 2024-03-27

Requiring DMV inspection stations to post signs notifying customers that the station is not authorized to inspect limousines

The Assembly passed legislation requiring all motor vehicle inspection stations in New York to post signs informing customers that they are not authorized to inspect limousines. The bill (A2304), sponsored by Assemblywoman Paulin, was prompted by the 2018 Schoharie limousine crash that killed 20 people, where the vehicle had received a fraudulent inspection after being misclassified as an 8-passenger car. Supporters argued the signage would alert employees and catch bad actors attempting to bypass Department of Transportation requirements. However, Republicans and some Democrats opposed the measure, arguing it imposes unnecessary regulatory burden on approximately 10,700 inspection stations to address a problem involving only 40-45 limo companies. Opponents noted that existing computer systems already prevent unauthorized inspections and that the requirement represents undo regulation on small businesses. The bill passed on a party-line vote, with the Democratic majority supporting it.

A8866 PASSED 2024-03-12

Prohibition on carbon dioxide fracking (CO2 fracking)

The New York State Assembly passed legislation on March 12 that would ban the use of supercritical carbon dioxide in hydraulic fracturing operations, closing a loophole in the state's existing fracking ban. Sponsored by Assemblywoman Kelles, the bill drew passionate debate between environmental advocates and upstate representatives concerned about economic impacts. Supporters, including scientists and environmental advocates, cited research showing that CO2 fracking creates highly corrosive conditions that can dissolve minerals in rock formations and destabilize groundwater, potentially releasing heavy metals and radon. They argued the state has a duty to protect citizens and that the economic benefits are minimal. Opponents, primarily from upstate districts, contended that natural gas remains essential for millions of New Yorkers and that the state lacks adequate alternative energy infrastructure. They warned the bill would increase utility costs, harm businesses, and force companies to relocate. Some cited the Buffalo Christmas storm as evidence that natural gas was critical for survival when electricity failed. The bill passed, though the final vote tally was not announced in the transcript segment.

A01278-B / S04907-A PASSED 2023-06-20

Prohibiting non-compete agreements and certain restrictive covenants

The Assembly passed legislation on Tuesday banning non-compete agreements statewide, making New York one of the broadest jurisdictions to prohibit such clauses. Sponsored by Asm. Joyner, A1278-B prohibits employers from seeking, demanding, requiring or accepting non-compete agreements, with limited exceptions for trade secret and confidentiality protections. The bill mirrors proposed Federal Trade Commission action and aligns with similar bans in California, Illinois, Virginia, and other states. Supporters argued the blanket ban protects workers across all industries and wage levels from exploitative agreements that force them into costly litigation to challenge enforceability. They cited examples of low-wage workers in food service, fitness, and other industries unknowingly signing agreements that restrict employment mobility. Opponents, led by Asm. Ra and Asm. Goodell, contended the existing three-prong court test adequately protects both workers and legitimate business interests, and that a blanket prohibition could harm New York businesses in financial services and technology sectors that need to protect trade secrets and customer relationships. Asm. Brown raised concerns about unintended consequences for business sales, where non-compete clauses are standard contract terms. The bill does not apply retroactively to existing agreements. Broadcast and entertainment industries retain existing protections under current law.

Source: Official NY Assembly floor session transcripts (Granicus). AI-processed. Includes sessions from 2023 onward where transcripts are available.

Bill Focus Areas 2025–2026

bills

Grouped by law section from sponsored Assembly bills. Source: NYS Open Legislation API.

Lobbying Activity

No lobbying disclosures on record for this member in the available dataset (JCOPE filings targeting Assembly members).

Source: NY Commission on Ethics and Lobbying in Government via data.ny.gov.