Sen. Robert Jackson
Robert Jackson is a Democratic state senator representing New York's 31st Senate District, a heavily Democratic district (D+68) that encompasses a predominantly Hispanic, high-poverty community with a 23.3% poverty rate and a 12.0% unemployment rate. First elected in 2019, Jackson has concentrated his 2025 legislative activity on education, retirement and social security, and public health, sponsoring 288 bills in the current session with a particular emphasis on school funding formula reform, public housing, and progressive taxation. He voted with the Democratic caucus 99.9% of the time in 2025, casting 1,443 votes and departing from the caucus only once, on a real property taxation bill related to a yeshiva.AI
Topic Focus AI
Topics extracted by AI from floor speeches, committee hearing transcripts, and sponsored legislation. Bill and hearing citations link to source records for verification. Tag size reflects number of supporting citations.
Key Issues
From committee hearings, floor debate, and bill sponsorship.
Legislative Activity (2025–2026)
Based on complete Senate roll call records.
Bill Outcomes 2025 Session
Covers Senate-sponsored bills only. Status from Open Legislation API.
Committee Assignments
Electoral History SD-31
General Elections
| Year | Winner | Runner-up | Margin |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | Robert Jackson 100.0% (70,294) | Uncontested | — |
| 2022 | Robert Jackson 85.3% (42,110) | Donald Skinner 14.7% (7,277) | 70.5pts |
| 2020 | Robert Jackson 88.5% (107,072) | Melinda Crump 11.5% (13,961) | 76.9pts |
| 2018 | Robert Jackson 88.9% (86,966) | Melinda Crump 6.4% (6,235) | 82.5pts |
| 2016 | Marisol Alcantara 85.6% (97,964) | Melinda Crump 7.6% (8,719) | 78.0pts |
| 2014 | Adriano Espaillat 100.0% (37,089) | Uncontested | — |
| 2012 | Adriano Espaillat 91.2% (85,162) | Martin Chicon 8.8% (8,190) | 82.5pts |
| 2010 | Adriano Espaillat 84.0% (50,007) | Stylo Sapaskis 10.7% (6,388) | 73.3pts |
| 2008 | Eric T. Schneiderman 90.0% (80,832) | Martin Chicon 9.3% (8,349) | 80.7pts |
| 2006 | Eric T. Schneiderman 92.3% (51,202) | Stylo A. Sapaskis 7.7% (4,270) | 84.6pts |
| 2004 | Eric T. Schneiderman 89.2% (76,365) | Jose A. Goris 10.8% (9,272) | 78.3pts |
| 2002 | Eric T. Schneiderman 86.5% (40,900) | Bienvenido Toribio, Jr. 12.4% (5,843) | 74.2pts |
| 2000 | Efrain Gonzalez, Jr. 95.1% (43,102) | Dorothy Dunn 4.2% (1,901) | 90.9pts |
| 1998 | Efrain Gonzalez, Jr. 93.2% (27,004) | Curtis Johnson 4.2% (1,212) | 89.0pts |
| 1996 | Efrain Gonzalez, Jr. 94.4% (38,018) | Fred Brown 4.5% (1,813) | 89.9pts |
Primary Elections
| Year | Winner | Runner-up | Margin |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 (Democratic) | Robert Jackson 84.3% (30,437) | Tirso Santiago Pina 15.7% (5,653) | 68.7pts |
| 2018 (Democratic) | Robert Jackson 56.2% (29,140) | Marisol Alcantara 38.3% (19,885) | 17.8pts |
| 2016 (Democratic) | Marisol Alcantara 32.7% (8,469) | Micah Lasher 31.6% (8,175) | ⚡ 1.1pts |
| 2014 (Democratic) | Adriano Espaillat 49.9% (10,439) | Robert Jackson 43.1% (9,019) | ⚡ 6.8pts |
Source: NYS Board of Elections certified results. ⚡ = margin under 10 pts.
Vulnerability Index SD-31
Base lean: D+76
Scenario model: ±5pt national environment shift applied to district base lean (D+76). Base lean blends voter registration (40%) with recent contested general election margins (60%), using up to the last 4 general elections with margins under 40 points. Ratings: Safe D/R = 20+ pts, Likely = 10–19 pts, Lean = 4–9 pts, Toss-up = within 3 pts. "Generic ballot" refers to national partisan polling used to model favorable/unfavorable cycle environments. Not a prediction — reflects structural competitiveness under different cycle environments.
Top Co-Sponsors
District 31 Profile
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (2024). Voter registration: NYS Board of Elections (Nov. 2025).
Voter Registration
Campaign Finance (2022–2026)
Top Donors
Source: NYS Board of Elections via data.ny.gov. Itemized monetary contributions only. ↔ Bills = donor industry aligns with bill sponsorship focus area.
Data through 2026-03-28.
Lobbying Activity 2025
Top Lobbying Issues
Top Organizations Lobbying This Senator
Source: NY Commission on Ethics and Lobbying in Government via data.ny.gov. Counts reflect bi-monthly disclosure records filed with the Ethics Commission — not individual meetings. ★ Chair = lobbying issue overlaps with a committee this senator chairs. ↔ Overlap = matches committee membership or bill sponsorship focus.
Demographics
Commute Mode
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (2024). Race and ethnicity figures may not sum to 100% — Hispanic/Latino is an ethnicity category that overlaps with racial groups.
Voting Record
1 additional dissenting vote across other topics
From 1,443 recorded floor votes via OpenLeg API. Dissenting votes grouped by law section to reveal policy patterns.
Votes through 2026-02-10.
Floor Speeches: In Support (22) AI
Argued that rebates negotiated in patients' names must reach those patients at the pharmacy counter. Stated that billions in rebates flow through the system annually while patients with chronic conditions pay inflated list prices, and characterized this as cost-shifting rather than risk-sharing. Called the bill a matter of fairness and transparency.
Exit interviews are essential for understanding why dedicated public servants leave, providing information about culture, leadership, and morale. The bill creates a standardized process with protections for candid disclosure, reflecting good governance and respect for public employees.
Expressed strong support for the bill's comprehensive approach, noting it ensures at least 10 percent goes to recovery assistance and requires public reporting of fund recipients and amounts to guarantee appropriate spending.
As chair of the Civil Service and Pensions Committee, he strongly supports the bill because the difference in family benefits between death in office and retirement is extremely important.
As sponsor and Civil Service Committee chair, supported Tier 6 reform and his proposal to reduce the final average salary calculation window from five to three years. Noted 12,000 state positions lie vacant and urged colleagues to push the Executive to include this proposal in the final budget.
Floor Speeches: In Opposition (1) AI
Stated the bill conflicts with his pending legislation regarding video display unit income directed to education, and voted no based on that conflict.
Committee Hearing Engagement (48) AI
| Date | Committee | Engagement | Stance | Focus Areas | Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-02-27 | Senate Finance Committee and Assembly Ways and Means Committee (Joint) | moderate | supportive | Taxing wealthy New Yorkers Support for progressive taxation | Sen. Jackson sought confirmation that panelists supported taxing the wealthiest New Yorkers to address state needs and support vulnerable populations, expressing strong support for progressive taxation. |
| 2025-02-27 | Joint Legislative Hearing - Senate Finance Committee and Assembly Ways and Means Committee | moderate | supportive | HCR and HPD working relationship MCI (major capital improvement) applications and appeals Amalgamated Housing in the Bronx City of Yes funding for Mitchell-Lamas | Sen. Jackson asked focused questions about specific housing issues in his district, particularly regarding Amalgamated Housing and the relationship between HCR and HPD. He expressed concern about the financial stability of Mitchell-Lama buildings and whether City of Yes funding could help them. |
| 2025-02-26 | Senate Finance Committee and Assembly Ways and Means Committee | high | supportive | Federal employee hiring and transition to state employment NY HELPS program effectiveness Unemployment insurance applications and processing times Workers' compensation impact on federal employees NY HELPS program retention and satisfaction metrics | Sen. Jackson asked detailed questions about how state agencies would absorb federal employees being laid off, focusing on practical implementation through NY HELPS and other programs. He also inquired about unemployment insurance processing and workers' compensation impacts, and requested follow-up data on NY HELPS retention. |
| 2025-02-25 | Senate Finance Committee and Assembly Ways and Means Committee (Joint) | moderate | supportive | Downstate Medical Center commitment CUNY contract funding Community needs | Sen. Jackson expressed concern about fulfilling commitments to Downstate Medical Center and questioned whether CUNY can pull together resources to fully fund the PSC contract. |
| 2025-01-29 | FINANCE | high | opposed | Foundation Aid formula reform Poverty counts in Foundation Aid East Ramapo governance | Sen. Jackson strongly criticized the Foundation Aid formula as outdated and called for complete overhaul, comparing it to an old car needing replacement. He also raised concerns about East Ramapo and the need for new funding models. |
| 2024-02-14 | FINANCE | none | neutral | Sen. Jackson joined the hearing but did not ask questions during the testimony period covered in this transcript. | |
| 2024-02-14 | FINANCE | moderate | supportive | Amalgamated Housing Cooperative survival Mitchell-Lama funding Good-cause eviction | Sen. Jackson expressed concern about the financial viability of Amalgamated Housing Cooperative in the Bronx and sought to identify available resources. He also asked the Commissioner's position on good-cause eviction legislation, though the Commissioner deflected by emphasizing housing supply as the priority. |
| 2024-02-14 | FINANCE | high | supportive | Definition of good-cause eviction Right to counsel for tenants Legal representation in court | Sen. Jackson asked pointed questions about the definition of good-cause eviction and expressed strong support for right to counsel, stating 'Right to counsel should be for everyone going into the courts.' He praised McKee's advocacy work and sought clarification on legal services availability. |
| 2024-02-08 | FINANCE | none | unclear | Listed as present but did not ask questions in the portions of the transcript provided. | |
| 2024-02-08 | FINANCE | high | opposed | CUNY labor contract funding and default risk SUNY Opportunity Program funding cuts SUNY Downstate Medical Center preservation | Sen. Jackson expressed concern about the state's budget priorities, questioning why the Opportunity Program is being cut when the state has a $232 billion budget and $20 billion in reserves. He emphasized the importance of saving Downstate Medical Center and demanded 'real talk' rather than 'fluff.' |
| 2024-02-08 | FINANCE | high | supportive | FAFSA completion rates and survey methodology Student access to financial aid programs Website improvements for program awareness | Sen. Jackson pressed Dr. Linares on FAFSA completion, noting $200 million in federal funds at stake. He recommended surveying students at every school level to understand why FAFSA forms aren't being completed and offered to help disseminate information through his district's weekly updates. |
| 2024-02-08 | FINANCE | high | opposed | SUNY Downstate Medical Center closure Patient care and staff impacts Executive budget constraints | Sen. Jackson strongly opposed the Downstate closure plan, using vivid language about the hospital 'drying up' and expressing concern about patient deaths and job losses. He urged union members to contact all state legislators and the Governor to pressure for a better transition plan. |
| 2024-02-08 | FINANCE | high | skeptical | 20-year retirement veto override strategy TAP funding levels and income thresholds Budget constraints | Sen. Jackson, who chairs the Civil Service and Pensions Committee, expressed skepticism about the Governor's veto rationale and questioned whether there is political will to override it despite a supermajority. He pressed testifiers on specific TAP funding recommendations and current income thresholds, noting the need for concrete proposals. |
| 2024-02-08 | FINANCE | moderate | supportive | Legislative override of Governor On Point for College funding | Sen. Jackson engaged with On Point for College regarding funding sources and partnerships, noting that both Senate and Assembly contributed $200,000 in recent years. He also referenced the 20-year retirement bill override discussion. |
| 2024-02-08 | FINANCE | moderate | supportive | Organization locations and affiliations Youth education and leadership development Equitable access to education across demographics | Sen. Jackson asked clarifying questions about testifier affiliations and expressed strong support for youth education initiatives, emphasizing that quality education should be available regardless of race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. |
| 2024-02-06 | FINANCE | high | skeptical | Aid to Municipalities funding exclusion mayoral control transition class size reduction compliance | Jackson challenged the Mayor on why NYC doesn't receive the $715 million in Aid to Municipalities given to other municipalities, expressed concern about mayoral control extending beyond the Mayor's term, and emphasized that he attended a hearing where 60 people spoke against mayoral control. He demanded compliance with class size reduction law. |
| 2024-02-01 | FINANCE | high | skeptical | Budget adequacy with 2.6% increase Class size reduction Mayoral control and parental engagement Specific district impacts (Indian Lake district losing 43.5% of budget) | Sen. Jackson pressed Commissioner Rosa on whether the 2.6% budget increase is sufficient to meet all education needs, receiving a direct 'no' answer. He emphasized the importance of class size reduction and parental involvement in policy development. He raised concerns about a colleague's district losing 43.5% of its budget. |
| 2024-02-01 | FINANCE | high | skeptical | Federal funding holds and compliance Budget cuts impact Class-size working group recommendations Majority vs. minority report bias | Sen. Jackson questioned the characterization of a funding hold as routine, pressed on the $131 million in cuts, and expressed concern that the administration was elevating a minority report from the class-size working group over the majority recommendations from 40+ members, signaling potential bias. |
| 2024-02-01 | FINANCE | high | supportive | Budget cuts impact Tier 6 pension reform Bipartisan opposition to cuts | Sen. Jackson delivered a passionate statement opposing the proposed budget cuts, calling them devastating and urging bipartisan unity. He strongly endorsed Tier 6 pension reform, stating he chairs the Civil Service and Pensions Committee and has long opposed the current structure. |
| 2024-02-01 | FINANCE | high | opposed | Education budget cuts Impact on school districts and families Teacher job security Organizing community opposition to cuts Special education and disability services | Sen. Jackson delivered a passionate statement opposing the Governor's proposed education budget cuts, calling for unified legislative action to restore funding. He emphasized that half of all school districts in NY would face cuts, warned of job losses and family hardship, and urged community organizing and constituent pressure on legislators. He expressed personal connection to disability services through his brother-in-law. |
| 2024-02-01 | FINANCE | moderate | supportive | Organizing constituent pressure Communication with membership Collective advocacy strategy | Called for organized constituent pressure and communication with elected representatives. Emphasized importance of collective pressure from Legislature, constituents, and providers to restore funding. |
| 2024-02-01 | FINANCE | moderate | supportive | Universal school lunch program coverage NYC inclusion in meal programs Charter school enrollment and impact NYC funding burden for charter schools Equity in education funding | Sen. Jackson asked clarifying questions about meal program coverage in NYC and charter school representation. He expressed strong advocacy for all children's education and disagreed with NYC bearing sole responsibility for charter school facility costs, calling it unfair policy dating to Bloomberg/Cuomo administrations. He committed to requesting detailed information from charter school organizations. |
| 2024-02-01 | FINANCE | high | skeptical | Education Trust funding requests and geographic distribution Community schools funding YAFFED's approach to underperforming yeshivas and fraud concerns | Sen. Jackson asked pointed questions about specific funding amounts and their use, clarified organizational affiliations, and raised concerns about institutions falsely certifying they provide holistic education while receiving state funds, characterizing this as potential fraud. He expressed support for YAFFED's mission while emphasizing accountability. |
| 2023-03-01 | FINANCE | low | neutral | Sen. Jackson, chair of the Civil Service Committee, was noted as present but did not ask questions in the transcript provided. | |
| 2023-03-01 | FINANCE | high | supportive | Unemployment insurance fraud prevention Labor contract negotiations and staffing Civil service modernization and recruitment Nursing recruitment and pay upgrades Contracting out of services | Sen. Jackson, chair of Civil Service and Pensions Committee, engaged extensively with all three commissioners on workforce development issues. He expressed support for modernization efforts while raising concerns about the pace of contract negotiations and the extent of service contracting, noting that over 9,000 FTE positions are contracted out. |
| 2023-03-01 | FINANCE | moderate | supportive | 55B and 55C programs for people with disabilities and veterans Waiver extension for retirees returning to school settings Special accidental death benefits for county employees | Sen. Jackson expressed support for the proposed increases to 55B and 55C programs and the waiver extension, requesting follow-up details from staff. He supported extending accidental death benefits to county employees. |
| 2023-03-01 | FINANCE | moderate | opposed | Tier 6 pension reform Employee dissatisfaction Retention challenges | Jackson expressed strong opposition to Tier 6 pension structure, using blunt language ('Tier 6 sucks') to signal constituent dissatisfaction and asking union leaders about specific concerns. |
| 2023-03-01 | FINANCE | high | neutral | Tier 6 pension concerns Employee awareness of pension issues Contracting out problems Union member perspectives | Sen. Jackson asked pointed questions to multiple testifiers about Tier 6 awareness among different employee groups and pressed for details on contracting out issues, seeking to understand the scope of problems affecting state workers. |
| 2023-03-01 | FINANCE | moderate | supportive | Home care worker wages and Governor's proposal Unemployment insurance trust fund revenue Legislative action and potential gubernatorial veto | Sen. Jackson expressed support for protecting home care worker wages and questioned what legislative action would be needed to raise revenue for UI reform. He indicated willingness to override a gubernatorial veto if necessary. |
| 2023-03-01 | FINANCE | moderate | skeptical | Vacant rent-stabilized units Enforcement unit funding Tenant protections | Sen. Jackson questioned the Commissioner about 60,000 reportedly vacant units in NYC's rent-stabilized housing and expressed concern that proposed enforcement unit funding was insufficient to address compliance violations, particularly regarding fire safety hazards from electric bike charging in residential units. |
| 2023-03-01 | FINANCE | moderate | supportive | HCR enforcement units and their impact Vacant apartment units held by landlords Amalgamated Housing Cooperative issues Communication between legislators and HCR | Sen. Jackson asked about the impact of HCR enforcement on constituents and vacant units. He pledged to work with HCR to expedite processes and prevent costly delays, and thanked Yaker for advocacy on behalf of Amalgamated residents. He expressed sympathy for residents facing rent increases. |
| 2023-03-01 | FINANCE | moderate | neutral | Housing compact implementation in NYC Community opposition to mandated development Funding for grassroots organizations | Sen. Jackson asked about addressing community opposition to state-mandated housing near transit hubs and inquired about funding needs for grassroots organizations. He focused on NYC-specific concerns and the need for collaborative approaches. |
| 2023-03-01 | FINANCE | low | unclear | funding for community advocacy organizations | Sen. Jackson asked a brief question about funding for 'For the Many' but was cut off by Chairwoman Krueger due to time constraints. |
| 2023-02-27 | FINANCE | low | unclear | Sen. Jackson was present but did not ask questions in the transcript excerpt provided. | |
| 2023-02-27 | FINANCE | moderate | opposed | EOP program cuts Tuition increases and affordability Campus health centers Revenue generation alternatives | Sen. Jackson expressed clear opposition to tuition increases and EOP cuts, advocating instead for increased revenue from wealthy New Yorkers and corporate taxes. He emphasized the need for campus health facilities and questioned how to secure adequate resources. |
| 2023-02-15 | FINANCE | high | skeptical | Medicaid cost-shifting Aid to Municipalities Charter school expansion Distressed Hospitals Fund Fairness to NYC | Sen. Jackson raised pointed questions about the fairness of cost-shifting to NYC, noting that NYC is the only municipality that must pay the locality share of Medicaid and receives zero Aid to Municipalities while other localities receive their share. He opposed charter expansion and expressed concern about the $1 billion cost to the city. He praised Mayor Adams' efforts on the migrant crisis but emphasized the need for adequate resources. |
| 2023-02-15 | FINANCE | low | supportive | MTA funding and city budget constraints | Sen. Jackson is referenced by Mayor Adams as having raised concerns about the city not having an endless flow of cash to fund MTA obligations, but no direct testimony appears in the transcript. |
| 2023-02-08 | FINANCE | low | unclear | Sen. Jackson is listed as present but no questions or engagement are recorded in the transcript provided. | |
| 2023-02-08 | FINANCE | moderate | skeptical | Charter school expansion proposals Impact on class sizes and budgets Foundation Aid formula funding process | Sen. Jackson thanked Commissioner Rosa for explaining the Foundation Aid process and raised concerns about the Governor's proposal to eliminate regional caps on charter schools, which could allow over 100 new charters in New York City. He questioned the rationale for expansion given declining student enrollment and asked about impacts on class sizes and budgets. |
| 2023-02-08 | FINANCE | high | skeptical | Stimulus funding cliff and social worker sustainability Charter school expansion impact Student counseling out after October 31st cutoff Tracking of students moving between charter and traditional public schools | Sen. Jackson raised concerns about a $700 million funding gap from expiring stimulus money and requested specific numbers on social worker allocations. He also questioned the impact of potential charter school expansion and requested tracking of students who leave charter schools after the October 31st cutoff date. |
| 2023-02-08 | FINANCE | high | opposed | Charter school expansion impact on public schools Tracking students returning from charter schools Geographic impact of charter expansion Timing of funding for students returning to public schools | Sen. Jackson asked pointed questions about charter school impacts, requesting documentation of students returning from charters and expressing concern about the operational and financial disruption caused by delayed funding when students return to public schools. He signaled strong skepticism about charter expansion. |
| 2023-02-08 | FINANCE | high | skeptical | Rochester special monitor funding cut Budget autonomy and staffing maintenance ARPA funding cliff concerns | Sen. Jackson asked detailed questions about the proposed $325,000 (later clarified as $175,000) cut to Rochester's special monitor position and pressed superintendents on their ability to maintain staffing levels as ARPA funds expire. She sought clarity on budget autonomy and future planning. |
| 2023-02-08 | FINANCE | high | supportive | Support for students with disabilities Personal connection to disability services Staffing and recruitment | Sen. Jackson expressed strong personal support for the witnesses' work, sharing his family's experience with disability services. He affirmed his support for their requests and indicated he is advocating for related legislation. |
| 2023-02-08 | FINANCE | moderate | supportive | Foundation Aid history and Campaign for Fiscal Equity lawsuit Equity and wealth redistribution for education Support for IONY (Invest in Our New York) initiative | Sen. Jackson provided historical context on the Campaign for Fiscal Equity lawsuit and emphasized that Foundation Aid should prioritize the neediest students. He advocated for wealth-based contributions to education and referenced his sponsorship of IONY, calling for wealthier New Yorkers to invest in education for disadvantaged students. |
| 2023-02-08 | FINANCE | high | supportive | Community Schools support Electric bus transition Yeshiva secular education compliance Workforce training | Sen. Jackson expressed strong support for Community Schools, buses, and libraries as interconnected education investments. He took a firm stance on yeshiva compliance with state education law, stating schools receiving state money must comply with regulations and threatening to 'cut them off' if they don't. He noted parents in Buffalo are being paid to drive children to school due to driver shortages. |
| 2023-02-08 | FINANCE | high | skeptical | Charter school funding sources Philanthropic support for charter schools Special education enrollment in charter schools English language learner enrollment | Sen. Jackson pressed witnesses on funding sources, asking whether charter schools rely on billionaires and millionaires. He questioned whether charter schools serve the same populations as public schools, specifically asking about English language learners and children with disabilities. He expressed concern about charter school enrollment practices. |
| 2023-02-08 | FINANCE | high | supportive | School meal funding FRPL form completion rates Administrative barriers to accessing benefits Budget priorities | Sen. Jackson thanked testifiers for their advocacy and expressed frustration about low form completion rates for free and reduced-price lunch despite average salaries around $68,000. He indicated support for prioritizing school meal funding in the budget and pledged to work with colleagues to ensure resources are allocated. |
| 2023-02-08 | FINANCE | high | supportive | Charter schools vs. public schools Nonpublic school compliance with regulations Solutions Not Suspensions bill Implementation timeline for reforms | Sen. Jackson, closing for the Senate, expressed strong support for public schools while acknowledging parents' right to choose charter schools. He took a hardline stance on nonpublic schools not complying with regulations, stating 'Cut them off. Cut the money off.' He emphasized the need for long-term commitment to education reform and thanked all witnesses for their testimony. |